其他康复计划可包括的内容
在过去的十年中,人们对运动训练如何适应个人需求和优化收益产生了相当大的兴趣。现在存在许多选项,每种选项都有不同的目的和/或应用,包括增强对骨骼肌的生理刺激,优化参与或文化适宜性,以及通过不同的辅助组成(或“共同干预”)针对可治疗的特征。任何辅助方式对进行肺康复患者任的潜在适用性应基于几个因素,包括个人情况、特定于您的环境的因素,包括工作人员的专业知识和对技术/文献的熟悉程度、患者的能力、安全性、设备等。
下面列出了其中一些方法的示例以及一些可能有用的文献以供进一步阅读。
广泛评论:
– Bisca, G. W., Camillo, C. A., Cavalheri, V., Pitta, F., & Osadnik, C. R. (2017). Peripheral muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: novel approaches and recent advances. Expert review of respiratory medicine, 11(5), 413-423.
– Gloeckl, R, Osadnik, C.R. (2021). Alternative training strategies for patients with chronic respiratory disease. ERS专着. 93(第5章). pp.67-82. DOI:10.1183/2312508.X.10019720
分部训练: 包括减少在同一时间所使用的肌肉量,以减少相关的代谢需求。 示例包括单侧阻力训练(肌力或耐力)或单腿功率车练习。
参考文献:
– Nyberg A, Lindstrom B, Rickenlund A, et al. Low-load/high-repetition elastic band resistance training in patients with COPD: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Clin Respir J. 2015;9(3):278–288.
– Evans RA, Dolmage TE, Mangovski-Alzamora S, et al. One-legged cycle training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A prag- matic study of implementation to pulmonary rehabilitation. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(10):1490–1497.
– Robles, P., Araujo, T., Brooks, D., Zabjek, K., Janaudis‐Ferreira, T., Marzolini, S., … & Mathur, S. (2017). Does limb partitioning and positioning affect acute cardiorespiratory responses during strength exercises in patients with COPD?. 呼吸科, 22(7), 1336-1342.
离心训练: 基于能量/肌力效率,训练模式增加了对离心肌肉收缩而不是向心肌肉收缩的重视。实际的例子包括离心抗阻训练,跑步机下坡步行和离心功率车。
参考文献:
– Rooyackers JM, Berkeljon DA, Folgering HT. Eccentric exercise train- ing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Rehabil Res. 2003;26:47–49.
– Camillo, C. A., Osadnik, C. R., Burtin, C., Everaerts, S., Hornikx, M., Demeyer, H., … & Troosters, T. (2020). Effects of downhill walking in pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COPD: a randomised controlled trial. 欧洲呼吸杂志, 56(3).
辅助/共同干预措施: 包括针对可治疗特征的具体“附加”模式。常见的辅助和共同干预方式的例子包括针对呼吸肌虚弱的吸气肌训练(IMT),针对过多痰液产生的气道廓清技术(ACTs),以及针对平衡功能障碍的平衡再学习等。
参考文献:
– Camillo, C. A., Osadnik, C. R., van Remoortel, H., Burtin, C., Janssens, W., & Troosters, T. (2016). Effect of “add-on” interventions on exercise training in individuals with COPD: a systematic review. ERJ open research, 2(1), 00078-2015. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00078-2015
– Charususin, N., Gosselink, R., Decramer, M., Demeyer, H., McConnell, A., Saey, D., … & Langer, D. (2018). Randomised controlled trial of adjunctive inspiratory muscle training for patients with COPD. 胸部, 73(10), 942-950.
– Tymkew, H., Burlis, T., Baidy, M., Bennett, D., Hooper, S., Leidner, M., … & Arroyo, C. (2019). Balance training in pulmonary rehabilitation to reduce fall risk. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal, 30(4), 162-170.
神经肌肉电刺激(NMES): 包括使用便携式电刺激器应用于四头肌等肌肉群以触发运动收缩。这可用于患有严重疾病、对参与主动运动有相当大的困难的患者的最初阶段。 这在澳大利亚并不经常使用。
参考文献:
– Jones S, Man WDC, Gao W, Higginson IJ, Wilcock A, Maddocks M. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD009419. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009419.pub3.
– Maddocks, M., Nolan, C. M., Man, W. D., Polkey, M. I., Hart, N., Gao, W., … & Higginson, I. J. (2016). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation to improve exercise capacity in patients with severe COPD: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 柳叶刀呼吸系统医学, 4(1), 27-36.
无创通气: 包括运动时同时使用双水平气道正压,通常通过口腔或鼻腔接口。适用于有明显运动时通气受限的人群。
参考文献:
– Menadue C, Piper AJ, van ‘t Hul AJ, Wong KK. Non-invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane数据库系统转 2014(5):CD007714.
– Gloeckl R, Andrianopoulos V, Stegemann A, Oversohl J, Schneeberger T, Schoenheit-Kenn U, Hitzl W, Dreher M, Koczulla AR, Kenn K. High-pressure non-invasive ventilation during exercise in COPD patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure: A randomized, controlled, cross-over trial.。 呼吸科 2019: 24(3): 254-261.
全身振荡训练(WBVT): 包括站在全身振荡台上进行下肢肌力训练,以增加肌肉刺激(通过额外的不自主收缩)。
参考文献:
– Zhou J, Pang L, Chen N, Wang Z, Wang C, Hai Y, Lyu M, Lai H, Lin F. Whole-body vibration training – better care for COPD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J代下阻碍Pulmon综合安全分遣队 2018: 13: 3243-3254.
– Gloeckl R, Jarosch I, Bengsch U, Claus M, Schneeberger T, Andrianopoulos V, Christle JW, Hitzl W, Kenn K. What’s the secret behind the benefits of whole-body vibration training in patients with COPD? A randomized, controlled trial. Respir Med 2017: 126: 17-24.
其他于COPD患者的研究例子包括使用吸入氦氧混合气体,非线性的周期性训练,水中运动,太极,瑜伽和在运动中使用音乐。